In our last post in this series, we reviewed the phytocannabinoids—what they are and some of the effects research shows they have on the human body. Equally important is understanding why these phytocannabinoids do what research suggests. This question has been the focus of rigorous study for decades and has led directly to the discovery of one of the body’s most important systems: the endocannabinoid system.
What is the Endocannabinoid System?
The short answer is that the endocannabinoid system is what keeps the body balanced. Studies show the endocannabinoid system modulates pleasure, energy, and well-being, and also helps the body find equilibrium when affected by injury or disease. The system is active in all parts of the body and interacts with all of the body’s other systems. Despite its significant role, an informal poll in 2014 showed only 13 percent of US medical schools cover the endocannabinoid system when training new doctors.
Part of that lack of training is likely due to the endocannabinoid system’s relative newness to the scientific community. The first cannabinoid receptor was discovered in 1988, and researchers are constantly making breakthroughs on how the system functions.
Elements of the Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system is named for natural compounds in the human body that resemble the phytocannabinoids found in cannabis (both marijuana and hemp plants). Our current understanding shows it is made up of the following parts:
- Two receptors:Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor, Cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptor
- Two signaling molecules: arachidonoyl ethanolamide (also known as AEA or anandamide), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)
- Five Enzymes: DAGL-a, DAGL-b, NAPE selective phospholipase-D, MAGL, FAAH